以太坊私链入门

本文作者最近在找工作，有意向致电 13113668890

Mr. Neo Chen (陈景峯), netkiller, BG7NYT

中国广东省深圳市龙华新区民治街道溪山美地
518131
+86 13113668890

<netkiller@msn.com>

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2018-02-10

摘要

本文采用碎片化写作，原文会不定期更新，请尽量阅读原文。

http://www.netkiller.cn/journal/ethereum.html

1. 背景
2. 软件安装与配置
3. 创世区块
4. geth 命令
5. JavaScript Console
6. Ethereum Wallet(Mist)
7. 总结
- 7.1. 单机多实例演示
8. FAQ
- 8.1. Error: authentication needed: password or unlock
- 8.2. 新增节点后不生效

1. 背景

区块链是什么？一句话，它是一种特殊的（非关系型）分布式数据库，这种数据库只能做插入和查找操作，并且没有管理员。

首先，区块链的主要作用是储存信息。任何需要保存的信息，都可以写入区块链，也可以从里面读取，所以它是数据库。

其次，任何人都可以架设服务器，加入区块链网络，成为一个节点。区块链的世界里面，没有中心节点，每个节点都是平等的，都保存着整个数据库。你可以向任何一个节点，写入/读取数据，因为所有节点最后都会同步，保证区块链一致。

2. 软件安装与配置

2.1. Ubuntu

2.1.1. 安装 geth

安装环境

Ubuntu 17.10

				
sudo apt upgrade -y				
sudo apt install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
sudo apt update
sudo apt install ethereum

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth version
Geth
Version: 1.7.3-stable
Git Commit: 4bb3c89d44e372e6a9ab85a8be0c9345265c763a
Architecture: amd64
Protocol Versions: [63 62]
Network Id: 1
Go Version: go1.9.1
Operating System: linux
GOPATH=
GOROOT=/usr/lib/go-1.9

2.1.2. 安装 solc

				
sudo apt install solc -y

				
neo@netkiller ~ % solc --version
solc, the solidity compiler commandline interface
Version: 0.4.19+commit.c4cbbb05.Linux.g++

2.2. CentOS 7

			
yum update -y
yum install git wget bzip2 -y	
yum install golang -y

cd /usr/local/src
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum.git
cd go-ethereum/
gmake all
mv build /srv/go-ethereum

echo "export PATH=$PATH:$PWD/build/bin" >> /etc/profile
source /etc/profile

上面安装版本是 unstable 版本，如果是生产环境请使用 Release 版本 https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tags

			
wget https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/archive/v1.7.3.tar.gz
tar zxvf v1.7.3.tar.gz
cd go-ethereum-1.7.3/
gmake all

mv build /srv/go-ethereum-1.7.3

2.3. Windows

				
访问 https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/
下载并安装 Geth for Windows

2.4. Mac OS

				
brew update
brew upgrade				
brew tap ethereum/ethereum
brew install ethereum
brew install solidity

2.4.1. Ethereum Wallet

下载安装以太坊钱包（大陆网络可能下载有问题，需要翻墙）

https://github.com/ethereum/mist/releases/download/v0.9.3/Ethereum-Wallet-macosx-0-9-3.dmg

参数：

				
neo@MacBook-Pro ~ %  "/Applications/Ethereum Wallet.app/Contents/MacOS/Ethereum Wallet" --help
Usage: /Applications/Ethereum Wallet.app/Contents/MacOS/Ethereum Wallet --help
[Mist options] [Node options]

Mist options:
  --mode, -m              App UI mode: wallet, mist.[string] [default: "wallet"]
  --node                  Node to use: geth, eth        [string] [default: null]
  --network               Network to connect to: main, test
                                                        [string] [default: null]
  --rpc                   Path to node IPC socket file OR HTTP RPC hostport (if
                          IPC socket file then --node-ipcpath will be set with
                          this value).                                  [string]
  --swarmurl              URL serving the Swarm HTTP API. If null, Mist will
                          open a local node.
                                     [string] [default: "http://localhost:8500"]
  --gethpath              Path to Geth executable to use instead of default.
                                                                        [string]
  --ethpath               Path to Eth executable to use instead of default.
                                                                        [string]
  --ignore-gpu-blacklist  Ignores GPU blacklist (needed for some Linux
                          installations).                              [boolean]
  --reset-tabs            Reset Mist tabs to their default settings.   [boolean]
  --logfile               Logs will be written to this file in addition to the
                          console.                                      [string]
  --loglevel              Minimum logging threshold: info, debug, error, trace
                          (shows all logs, including possible passwords over
                          IPC!).                      [string] [default: "info"]
  --syncmode              Geth synchronization mode: [fast|light|full]  [string]
  --version, -v           Display Mist version.                        [boolean]
  --skiptimesynccheck     Disable checks for the presence of automatic time sync
                          on your OS.                                  [boolean]

Node options:
  -  To pass options to the underlying node (e.g. Geth) use the --node- prefix,
     e.g. --node-datadir

Options:
  -h, --help  Show help                                                [boolean]

钱包默认是连接到下面地址。

				
IPC endpoint opened: /Users/neo/Library/Ethereum/geth.ipc

连接到其他ipc地址

				
"/Applications/Ethereum Wallet.app/Contents/MacOS/Ethereum Wallet" --rpc /Users/other/Library/Ethereum/geth.ipc

如果需要连接到远程节点上，需要使用命令行，方法如下。启动钱包并连接到远程开发环境，localhost 改为你的IP地址即可。

				
"/Applications/Ethereum Wallet.app/Contents/MacOS/Ethereum Wallet" --rpc http://localhost:8545

2.5. 编译安装

				
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
sudo apt-get install -y build-essential golang
cd go-ethereum
make geth

2.6. Netkiller OSCM 一键安装

适用于 CentOS 7

			
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/oscm/shell/master/blockchain/ethereum/centos/go-ethereum-1.7.3.sh | bash

安装完成后使用下面命令进入控制台

			
[root@localhost ~]# su - ethereum
Last login: Sat Feb  3 00:23:52 EST 2018 on pts/0
			
[ethereum@localhost ~]$ geth attach
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable/linux-amd64/go1.8.3
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

>

3. 创世区块

		
cd ~
mkdir -p ethereum
cd ethereum

3.1. 初始化创世区块

创建文件 genesis.json

			
{
  "nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
  "difficulty": "0x020000",
  "mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "timestamp": "0x00",
  "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "extraData": "0x11bbe8db4e347b4e8c937c1c8370e4b5ed33adb3db69cbdb7a38e1e50b1b82fa",
  "gasLimit": "0x4c4b40",
  "config": {
      "chainId": 15,
      "homesteadBlock": 0,
      "eip155Block": 0,
      "eip158Block": 0
  },
  "alloc": { }
}

mixhash: 与nonce配合用于挖矿，由上一个区块的一部分生成的hash。注意他和nonce的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。.

nonce: nonce就是一个64位随机数，用于挖矿，注意他和mixhash的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。

difficulty: 设置当前区块的难度，如果难度过大，cpu挖矿就很难，这里设置较小难度

alloc: 用来预置账号以及账号的以太币数量，因为私有链挖矿比较容易，所以我们不需要预置有币的账号，需要的时候自己创建即可以。

coinbase: 矿工的账号，随便填

timestamp: 设置创世块的时间戳

parentHash: 上一个区块的hash值，因为是创世块，所以这个值是0

extraData: 附加信息，随便填，可以填你的个性信息

gasLimit: 该值设置对GAS的消耗总量限制，用来限制区块能包含的交易信息总和，因为我们是私有链，所以填最大。

初始化创世区块

			
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth init genesis.json 
WARN [01-19|17:35:17] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default 
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                          hash=611596…424d04
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:35:18] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [01-19|17:35:18] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                          hash=611596…424d04

默认目录是 /home/neo/.ethereum/ 你可以通过 --datadir 参数指定目录

			
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --datadir data init genesis.json
WARN [01-19|17:38:16] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default 
INFO [01-19|17:38:16] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/ethereum/data/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                              hash=611596…424d04
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/ethereum/data/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                              hash=611596…424d04		

neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % find data 
data
data/keystore
data/geth
data/geth/chaindata
data/geth/chaindata/LOCK
data/geth/chaindata/LOG
data/geth/chaindata/MANIFEST-000000
data/geth/chaindata/CURRENT
data/geth/chaindata/000001.log
data/geth/lightchaindata
data/geth/lightchaindata/LOCK
data/geth/lightchaindata/LOG
data/geth/lightchaindata/MANIFEST-000000
data/geth/lightchaindata/CURRENT
data/geth/lightchaindata/000001.log

目录结构

			
data
├── geth
│  ├── chaindata
│  │  ├── 000001.log
│  │  ├── CURRENT
│  │  ├── LOCK
│  │  ├── LOG
│  │  └── MANIFEST-000000
│  └── lightchaindata
│      ├── 000001.log
│      ├── CURRENT
│      ├── LOCK
│      ├── LOG
│      └── MANIFEST-000000
└── keystore

3.2. 启动节点

			
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover console 
WARN [01-19|17:47:06] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default 
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches   dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/home/neo/.ethash               count=2
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local header          number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local full block      number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded local transaction journal         transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Starting P2P networking 
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] RLPx listener up                         self="enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0"
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc 
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] HTTP endpoint opened: http://127.0.0.1:8545 
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

> INFO [01-19|17:47:09] Mapped network port                      proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"

identity: 区块链的标示，随便填写，用于标示目前网络的名字

init: 指定创世块文件的位置，并创建初始块

datadir: 设置当前区块链网络数据存放的位置

port: 网络监听端口

rpc: 启动rpc通信，可以进行智能合约的部署和调试

rpcapi: 设置允许连接的rpc的客户端，一般为db,eth,net,web3

networkid: 设置当前区块链的网络ID，用于区分不同的网络，是一个数字

console: 启动命令行模式，可以在Geth中执行命令

3.2.1. rpcaddr

默认是 127.0.0.1

HTTP endpoint closed: http://127.0.0.1:8545

通过 --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" 指定监听地址

HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8545

				
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover console  
INFO [01-20|01:41:33] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-20|01:41:33] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches   dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/home/neo/.ethash               count=2
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local header          number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local full block      number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded local transaction journal         transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [01-20|01:41:34] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled 
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Starting P2P networking 
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] RLPx listener up                         self="enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0"
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc 
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8545 
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 531 (Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:36:05 HST)
 datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

> INFO [01-20|01:41:40] Mapped network port                      proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"

3.3. 使用节点进行挖矿

3.3.1. 启动矿工开始挖矿

				
> miner.start(1)

这里的1表示只使用一个线程运行,第一次运行时将开始创建DAG文件，只需等待进度条到100，则将开始挖矿。实际你看到的挖矿速度很快，这是因为我们已经在初始化创世区块时配置为:"nonce": "0x0000000000000042"。 “0x42”难度能让你在私有测试网链上快速挖以太币。

提示

挖矿时必然有矿工账户，而系统默认使用创建的第一个账号。

				
> miner.start(1)
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Updated mining threads                   threads=1
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=18000000000
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Starting mining operation 
null
> INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Commit new mining work                   number=1 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=717.552µs
INFO [01-19|21:06:46] Generating ethash verification cache     epoch=0 percentage=91 elapsed=3.000s
INFO [01-19|21:06:46] Generated ethash verification cache      epoch=0 elapsed=3.273s
INFO [01-19|21:06:51] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=0  elapsed=5.056s
INFO [01-19|21:06:56] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=1  elapsed=10.140s
INFO [01-19|21:07:01] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=2  elapsed=15.119s
INFO [01-19|21:07:06] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=3  elapsed=19.924s
INFO [01-19|21:07:11] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=4  elapsed=24.739s
INFO [01-19|21:07:16] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=5  elapsed=29.473s
INFO [01-19|21:07:22] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=6  elapsed=35.641s
INFO [01-19|21:07:26] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=7  elapsed=40.374s
INFO [01-19|21:07:31] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=8  elapsed=45.134s
INFO [01-19|21:07:36] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=9  elapsed=49.908s
INFO [01-19|21:07:41] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=10 elapsed=54.633s	
......
......
......
INFO [01-19|21:22:43] Generated ethash verification cache      epoch=0 elapsed=15m57.328s
INFO [01-19|21:22:47] Generating ethash verification cache     epoch=1 percentage=17 elapsed=3.031s
INFO [01-19|21:22:50] Generating ethash verification cache     epoch=1 percentage=34 elapsed=6.056s
INFO [01-19|21:22:53] Generating ethash verification cache     epoch=1 percentage=49 elapsed=9.562s
INFO [01-19|21:22:57] Generating ethash verification cache     epoch=1 percentage=70 elapsed=13.115s
INFO [01-19|21:23:00] Generating ethash verification cache     epoch=1 percentage=90 elapsed=16.123s
INFO [01-19|21:23:01] Generated ethash verification cache      epoch=1 elapsed=17.576s
INFO [01-19|21:23:19] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=1 percentage=0  elapsed=18.198s
INFO [01-19|21:23:32] Successfully sealed new block            number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe
INFO [01-19|21:23:32] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe
INFO [01-19|21:23:32] Commit new mining work                   number=2 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=1.188ms
INFO [01-19|21:23:37] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=1 percentage=1  elapsed=35.913s
INFO [01-19|21:23:41] Successfully sealed new block            number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50
INFO [01-19|21:23:41] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50
INFO [01-19|21:23:41] Commit new mining work                   number=3 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=772.239µs
INFO [01-19|21:23:43] Successfully sealed new block            number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2
INFO [01-19|21:23:43] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2
INFO [01-19|21:23:43] Commit new mining work                   number=4 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=1.002ms
INFO [01-19|21:23:55] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=1 percentage=2  elapsed=53.757s
INFO [01-19|21:24:13] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=1 percentage=3  elapsed=1m11.561s
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=1 percentage=4  elapsed=1m28.986s
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Successfully sealed new block            number=4 hash=681970…462135
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=4 hash=681970…462135
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Commit new mining work                   number=5 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=833.629µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:36] Successfully sealed new block            number=5 hash=7b058b…d2f07a
INFO [01-19|21:24:36] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=5 hash=7b058b…d2f07a
INFO [01-19|21:24:36] Commit new mining work                   number=6 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=897.815µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] Successfully sealed new block            number=6 hash=a5fc3d…b1221e
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] 🔗 block reached canonical chain          number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=6 hash=a5fc3d…b1221e
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] Commit new mining work                   number=7 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=758.061µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] Successfully sealed new block            number=7 hash=003b02…e886fd
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] 🔗 block reached canonical chain          number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=7 hash=003b02…e886fd
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] Commit new mining work                   number=8 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=920.862µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:48] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=1 percentage=5  elapsed=1m46.827s
INFO [01-19|21:25:06] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=1 percentage=6  elapsed=2m4.338s
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Successfully sealed new block            number=8 hash=fd23c9…361c65
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] 🔗 block reached canonical chain          number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=8 hash=fd23c9…361c65
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Commit new mining work                   number=9 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=825.737µs
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=1 percentage=7  elapsed=2m22.061s

3.3.2. 停止挖矿

				
> miner.stop()
true
>

3.3.3. 查看所挖金额

				
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
70000000000000000000

3.4. 在创世链中制定矿工账号并为它充值

			
  "alloc": {
    "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607": {
      "balance": "300000"
    },
    "0x013b5e735e1b48421dd3de3b931d6f03e769e22b": {
      "balance": "400000"
    }
  }

4. geth 命令

4.1. 控制台

Geth JavaScript console

			
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth  --networkid 123456 console
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches   dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/home/neo/.ethash               count=2
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local header          number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local full block      number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded local transaction journal         transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [01-19|22:14:52] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled 
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Starting P2P networking 

INFO [01-19|22:14:56] UDP listener up                          self=enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@101.232.64.12:30303
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] RLPx listener up                         self=enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@101.232.64.12:30303
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc 
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 14 (Fri, 19 Jan 2018 21:27:16 HST)
 datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

> 
> INFO [01-19|22:14:56] Mapped network port                      proto=udp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"

4.2. 连接控制台

一般测试启动我们使用 console，如果是正式启动无需使用 console。同事我们使用&符号使其进入后台运行。

			
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover &

进入控制台

			
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth attach
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 531 (Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:36:05 HST)
 datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

退出控制台

			
> exit

4.2.1. 指定 geth.ipc 文件位置

				
geth --ipcpath ~/.ethereum/geth.ipc attach

4.2.2. IPC 方式连接

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc 
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

>

4.2.3. TCP 连接控制台

连接远程控制台

				
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --exec 'eth.coinbase' attach http://172.16.0.10:8545
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"

4.3. 账号管理

4.3.1. 新建账号

查看账号

				
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account list 
Account #0: {83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z--83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6

创建账号

				
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase: 
Repeat passphrase: 
Address: {e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607}

指定密码

				
$ echo "abc123" > password 
$ geth --password /path/to/password account new

账号创建在 ~/.ethereum/keystore 目录下

				
Mac: ~/Library/Ethereum/keystore
Linux: ~/.ethereum/keystore
Windows: %APPDATA%/Ethereum/keystore

				
neo@netkiller ~/.ethereum/keystore % ll
total 8.0K
-rw------- 1 neo neo 491 Jan 19 18:04 UTC--2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z--83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
-rw------- 1 neo neo 491 Jan 19 20:11 UTC--2018-01-20T06-11-23.608902164Z--e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607

4.3.2. 查看账号

				
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account list 
Account #0: {83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z--83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
Account #1: {e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-01-20T06-11-23.608902164Z--e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607

4.4. api 相关参数

rpcapi 启动后允许连接到系统的API协议

			
geth --networkid 100000 --rpc --rpcapi "db,eth,net,web3" --rpccorsdomain "*" --datadir "/app/chain" --port "30303" console

系统默认监听 127.0.0.1 如果希望外部访问本机，需要通过--rpcaddr指定监听地址。

			
geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover

--rpcapi 可以控制访问内容

			
$ geth --rpcapi personal,db,eth,net,web3 --rpc --rinkeby

4.5. 配置自动解锁账号

创建password文件，在里面输入密码，每个账号一行密码如：

启动参数

			
geth --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain="*" --unlock '0,1,2' --password ~/.ethereum/password   --nodiscover --maxpeers '5' --networkid '12345' --datadir '~/.ethereum'  console

4.6. 运行JS

			
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --exec "eth.blockNumber" attach
531

			
$ geth --exec 'loadScript("/tmp/checkbalances.js")' attach http://123.123.123.123:8545
$ geth --jspath "/tmp" --exec 'loadScript("checkbalances.js")' attach http://123.123.123.123:8545

4.7. 节点管理

			
geth --bootnodes enode://pubkey1@ip1:port1,enode://pubkey2@ip2:port2,enode://pubkey3@ip3:port3

4.8. 启动挖矿

			
geth --mine

4.8.1. 挖矿线程数

默认为 2

				
geth --mine --minerthreads=16

4.8.2. 指定旷工账号

默认是第一个账号

				
geth --mine --minerthreads=16 --etherbase=0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6

4.9. 日志

			
geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*"  2>> /tmp/geth.log

后台运行

			
neo@netkiller ~ % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" 2>> /tmp/geth.log &     
[1] 30075
 
neo@netkiller ~ % tail -f /tmp/geth.log        
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Got interrupt, shutting down... 
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] HTTP endpoint closed: http://0.0.0.0:8545 
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] IPC endpoint closed: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc 
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Blockchain manager stopped 
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Stopping Ethereum protocol 
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Ethereum protocol stopped 
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Transaction pool stopped 
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Database closed                          database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata
INFO [02-02|21:18:59] Mapped network port                      proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
WARN [02-02|21:19:00] Already shutting down, interrupt more to panic. times=9

5. JavaScript Console

5.1. personal 管理

5.1.1. 创建账号

				
> personal.newAccount()
Passphrase: 
Repeat passphrase: 
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"

指定密码创建用户

				
personal.newAccount("123")

5.1.2. 列出账号

列出所有账号

				
> personal.listAccounts
["0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"]

列出指定账号

				
> personal.listAccounts[1]
"0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"

> personal.listAccounts[0]
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"

5.1.3. 解锁账号

				
 > personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0],"password")

指定过期时间，单位是毫秒，下面例子是 20 分钟

				
> personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0],"password", 1000*60*20)

5.2. eth 管理

5.2.1. 矿工账号

查看默认旷工账号，系统中的第一个账号。

				
> eth.coinbase
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"

查看账号列表

				
> eth.accounts
["0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"]	

> eth.accounts[0]
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"

5.2.2. 余额

				
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
70000000000000000000

5.2.2.1. 单位转换

eth.getBalance()返回的余额是以太币的最小面额wei，将wei转换为以太币ether。

					
primary = eth.accounts[0]
balance = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(primary), "ether");

演示

					
> primary = eth.accounts[0]
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
> balance = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(primary), "ether");
70

5.2.2.2. 一次检查所有账号余额

定义函数

					
function checkAllBalances() {
  web3.eth.getAccounts(function(err, accounts) {
   accounts.forEach(function(id) {
    web3.eth.getBalance(id, function(err, balance) {
     console.log("" + id + ":\tbalance: " + web3.fromWei(balance, "ether") + " ether");
   });
  });
 });
};

运行函数

					
checkAllBalances()

输出演示

					
> function checkAllBalances() {
...   web3.eth.getAccounts(function(err, accounts) {
.........    accounts.forEach(function(id) {
...............     web3.eth.getBalance(id, function(err, balance) {
.....................      console.log("" + id + ":\tbalance: " + web3.fromWei(balance, "ether") + " ether");
.....................    });
...............   });
.........  });
... };
undefined
> checkAllBalances()
0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6:	balance: 929 ether
0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607:	balance: 11 ether
undefined

5.2.3. 转账

				
personal.unlockAccount("0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "", 300)	
eth.sendTransaction({from: '0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6', to: '0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607', value: web3.toWei(1, "ether")})

				
默认矿工账号
				
> eth.coinbase
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"

查看系统中的账号，如果没有请参考上面章节创建

> eth.accounts
["0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"]

转出账号中又 285 个以太币

> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]))
285

转入账号目前是 0 

> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]))
0

解锁传出账号，否则不能转出。personal.unlockAccount(账号, 密码, 300)

> personal.unlockAccount("0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "", 300)
true

转账操作

> eth.sendTransaction({from: '0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6', to: '0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607', value: web3.toWei(10, "ether")})
"0xb0674a7fee52555d8712f3a1f0f30fbbbf67ff7b5b4b53ab5d131262613215c6"

如果你现在查看转入账号，你会发现余额仍然是 0 ，交易还未成功写进区块，写进区块的方式是挖矿，所以你必须执行挖矿

> miner.start(1)
null

稍后几分钟，再次查看转入账号，将会看到有10个以太币入账。传出账号会减少10个以太币，同时仍然继续挖矿中。

> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]))
10

5.2.4. 查看挂起的交易

				
> eth.pendingTransactions
[{
    blockHash: null,
    blockNumber: null,
    from: "0x5fba50fce50baf0b8a7314200ba46336958ac97e",
    gas: 90000,
    gasPrice: 20000000000,
    hash: "0x51a75422f79fa96e70a0c1481851bc9f827868c44203b68d74f9815ffb367d5f",
    input: "0x",
    nonce: 0,
    r: "0x5632a8ade4a767dbd949ba1042cb33f98dd0722ab999ba18e1454d19d8bd1f6d",
    s: "0x515dcfa3de297f0c956ad9a061a5561f47cc9ccbb0a547cda59193c77fcbe3f7",
    to: "0x0a8c35653d8b229c16f0c9ce6f63cffb877cfdcf",
    transactionIndex: 0,
    v: "0x42",
    value: 1000000000000000000
}]

如果返回空值，表示交易全部完成。

				
> eth.pendingTransactions
[]

5.2.5. 查看当前区块总数

				
> eth.blockNumber 
719

5.2.6. 查看区块信息

				
> eth.getBlock(1) 
{
  difficulty: 131072,
  extraData: "0xd783010702846765746885676f312e398777696e646f7773",
  gasLimit: 4995119,
  gasUsed: 0,
  hash: "0x62bc2fc0fd647b43013ba75e65a3f16520cebb60cadc0995965c891d4266a88c",
  logsBloom: "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  miner: "0xba1821227ebad7e88a51078f6219b392fd601822",
  mixHash: "0x80ad2e29d057e0f6bb9d03f12a252fdc65cb520248fa0023ae6624c997b5d5f2",
  nonce: "0x3d743ef28ba8c8c8",
  number: 1,
  parentHash: "0x611596e7979cd4e7ca1531260fa706093a5492ecbdf58f20a39545397e424d04",
  receiptsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
  sha3Uncles: "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
  size: 535,
  stateRoot: "0x418d9f66e33cbd41fd524b87c10c5fc75f8a6360896967d827a2d56a0c8aadda",
  timestamp: 1510715249,
  totalDifficulty: 262144,
  transactions: [],
  transactionsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
  uncles: []
}
> eth.getBlock(2)
{
  difficulty: 131072,
  extraData: "0xd783010702846765746885676f312e398777696e646f7773",
  gasLimit: 4990242,
  gasUsed: 0,
  hash: "0x3323c566fd3501c29e8b026c4a9d2e83a8dd62d153a32b5f879120e999013d07",
  logsBloom: "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  miner: "0xba1821227ebad7e88a51078f6219b392fd601822",
  mixHash: "0xc415fc64f1bc13842455f8289d33842260c1578a32b5befded5b4293e7a92276",
  nonce: "0x4f4a0e65412663db",
  number: 2,
  parentHash: "0x62bc2fc0fd647b43013ba75e65a3f16520cebb60cadc0995965c891d4266a88c",
  receiptsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
  sha3Uncles: "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
  size: 535,
  stateRoot: "0x39ccb22ff5ca19a2340e137fa64acedb704d42827a753780b53a0aff8922e403",
  timestamp: 1510715341,
  totalDifficulty: 393216,
  transactions: [],
  transactionsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
  uncles: []
}

5.2.7. 查看智能合约编译器

				
> eth.compile
{
  lll: function(),
  serpent: function(),
  solidity: function()
}

5.3. web3

5.3.1. Ether币的基本单位

Ether币最小的单位是Wei，也是命令行默认的单位, 然后每1000个进一个单位，依次是

kwei (1000 Wei)
mwei (1000 KWei)
gwei (1000 mwei)
szabo (1000 gwei)
finney (1000 szabo)
ether (1000 finney)

如何进行ether 和 Wei之间的转换，简单地说就是就是1 以太币 = 1000000000000000000 Wei （这就是上一站章中为何我们转移0.01个以太币，结果却显示很长的原因）

单位转换

					
> web3.fromWei(10000000000000000,"ether")
"0.01"

5.3.1.1. web3.toWei

						
Ether–> Wei

> web3.toWei(1)
"1000000000000000000"
> web3.toWei(1.3423423)
"1342342300000000000"
> web3.toWei(0.00034)
"340000000000000"

5.3.1.2. web3.fromWei

						
Wei –> Ether

> web3.fromWei(10000000000000000)
"0.01"
> web3.fromWei(1000000000000000000)
"1"
>

5.4. admin 管理

5.4.1. 看看 networkid

				
> admin.nodeInfo.protocols.eth.network
123456

5.4.2. 节点管理

可以通过admin.addPeer()方法连接到其他节点，两个节点要想联通，必须保证网络是相通的，并且要指定相同的networkid

提示

注意去掉 --nodiscover 参数

确保网络可用

				
> net.listening
true

5.4.2.1. 显示节点

显示当前节点信息

					
> admin.nodeInfo
{
  enode: "enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@14.103.209.119:30303",
  id: "9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527",
  ip: "14.103.209.119",
  listenAddr: "[::]:30303",
  name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1",
  ports: {
    discovery: 30303,
    listener: 30303
  },
  protocols: {
    eth: {
      difficulty: 108754979,
      genesis: "0x611596e7979cd4e7ca1531260fa706093a5492ecbdf58f20a39545397e424d04",
      head: "0x61330b27cfbfaecbb36bb8666cbe0564c1e0bdecfdcd153622d8c2ca2b82786e",
      network: 123456
    }
  }
}

节点地址

					
> admin.nodeInfo.enode 
"enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0"

[::] 是 ipv6 地址，可以改为 ipv4 地址。

5.4.2.2. 添加节点

					
> admin.addPeer('enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@172.16.0.1:30303')

5.4.2.3. 查看节点

查看节点数量

					
> net.peerCount
1

查看节点地址

					
> admin.peers
[{
    caps: ["eth/62", "eth/63", "par/1", "par/2", "pip/1"],
    id: "a7bbd8fb72e02681b027908f14fd2dbd80e35a1477d7d9d4dc19ed34420be26fe9f991c83a83e4ab8aa371ffbb149494471f30216bc2f662d1ebc6d01811c7a2",
    name: "Parity/v1.7.12-stable-9b796e8-20180121/x86_64-linux-gnu/rustc1.21.0",
    network: {
      localAddress: "172.16.0.1:34092",
      remoteAddress: "52.67.171.152:30388"
    },
    protocols: {
      eth: "handshake"
    }
}]

列出节点IP地址

					
admin.peers.forEach(function(p) {console.log(p.network.remoteAddress);})

5.5. miner 挖矿管理

5.5.1. 开始挖矿

				
> miner.start(2)
null

过几分钟后运行

				
> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase), "ether")
30

这时我们已经看到已经产生了30个以太币。

5.5.2. 停止挖矿

				
> miner.stop()
true
>

5.5.3. 设置默认矿工账号

默认挖矿使用系统中的第一个账号，你可以使用 miner.setEtherbase() 指定账号。

				
> miner.setEtherbase("0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6")
true

				
> eth.accounts
["0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607", "0x013b5e735e1b48421dd3de3b931d6f03e769e22b"]

> eth.coinbase
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"


> miner.setEtherbase("0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607")
true

> eth.coinbase
"0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"

5.6. txpool 管理

5.6.1. txpool.status

查看状态

				
> txpool.status 
{
  pending: 0,
  queued: 0
}

例如做一笔转账

				
> amount = web3.toWei(5,'ether')  
"5000000000000000000"  
> eth.sendTransaction({from:eth.accounts[0],to:eth.accounts[1],value:amount})	

> txpool.status 
{
  pending: 1,
  queued: 0
}

> miner.start(1);admin.sleepBlocks(1);miner.stop(); 

> txpool.status 
{
  pending: 0,
  queued: 0
}

> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]),'ether')  
5

5.7. net

5.7.1. 监听状态

				
> net.listening
true

6. Ethereum Wallet(Mist)

开始学习以太坊时阅读大量文章常常会提到 Mist 一头雾水，后来才知道 Mist 就是 Ethereum Wallet。 Ethereum Wallet 是软件名字， Mist 是项目名字。

Ethereum Wallet 可以在以太坊首页下载，如果你需要安装历史版本可以访问 https://github.com/ethereum/mist/releases

7. 总结

7.1. 单机多实例演示

在没有条件安装虚拟机也没有多台服务器的情况下我们可以使用一台服务器运行多个实例的方法也可以实现多个节点运行环境。

			
cd ~
mkdir -p ethereum
cd ethereum
mkdir data{1,2}

创建文件 genesis.json

			
{
  "nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
  "difficulty": "0x020000",
  "mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "timestamp": "0x00",
  "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "extraData": "0x11bbe8db4e347b4e8c937c1c8370e4b5ed33adb3db69cbdb7a38e1e50b1b82fa",
  "gasLimit": "0x4c4b40",
  "config": {
      "chainId": 15,
      "homesteadBlock": 0,
      "eip155Block": 0,
      "eip158Block": 0
  },
  "alloc": { }
}

7.1.1. 实例一

				
geth --datadir ~/ethereum/data1 init genesis.json
geth --datadir="~/ethereum/data1" --networkid 123456 --port 30301 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --rpcport 8541

启动后终端输出

				
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --datadir ~/ethereum/data1 init genesis.json
WARN [02-02|22:09:56] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default 
INFO [02-02|22:09:56] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/ethereum/data1/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [02-02|22:09:56] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [02-02|22:09:56] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                               hash=611596…424d04
INFO [02-02|22:09:56] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/ethereum/data1/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [02-02|22:09:57] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [02-02|22:09:57] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                               hash=611596…424d04

neo@netkiller ~ % geth --datadir="~/ethereum/data1" --networkid 123456 --port 30301 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" -rpcport 8541             
WARN [02-02|22:36:02] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default 
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/neo/ethereum/data1/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches   dir=/home/neo/ethereum/data1/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/home/neo/.ethash                    count=2
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Loaded most recent local header          number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Loaded most recent local full block      number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Loaded local transaction journal         transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [02-02|22:36:02] Starting P2P networking 
INFO [02-02|22:36:05] UDP listener up                          self=enode://53433417f11d1d9a17f155cbaad2c4ec375af7b141e2989f049b572fc3f856d78f254e58fa82ed6eab48a16b7d625527214522ec0fd3e3af030b5b8dfdadc062@14.103.209.119:30301
INFO [02-02|22:36:05] HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8541 
INFO [02-02|22:36:05] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/ethereum/data1/geth.ipc 
INFO [02-02|22:36:05] RLPx listener up                         self=enode://53433417f11d1d9a17f155cbaad2c4ec375af7b141e2989f049b572fc3f856d78f254e58fa82ed6eab48a16b7d625527214522ec0fd3e3af030b5b8dfdadc062@14.103.209.119:30301
INFO [02-02|22:36:05] Mapped network port                      proto=udp extport=30301 intport=30301 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
INFO [02-02|22:36:07] Mapped network port                      proto=tcp extport=30301 intport=30301 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"

7.1.2. 实例二

				
geth --datadir ~/ethereum/data2 init genesis.json
geth --datadir="~/ethereum/data2" --networkid 123456 --port 30302 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --rpcport 8542

启动后控制台输出与实例一类似

7.1.3. 添加节点

开启一个新终端窗口，运行下面命令查看节点一的 enode 字符串

				
geth --exec 'admin.nodeInfo.enode' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc
"enode://53433417f11d1d9a17f155cbaad2c4ec375af7b141e2989f049b572fc3f856d78f254e58fa82ed6eab48a16b7d625527214522ec0fd3e3af030b5b8dfdadc062@[::]:30301?discport=0"

进入节点二，并连接到节点一。

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

> admin.addPeer("enode://53433417f11d1d9a17f155cbaad2c4ec375af7b141e2989f049b572fc3f856d78f254e58fa82ed6eab48a16b7d625527214522ec0fd3e3af030b5b8dfdadc062@[::]:30302")
true
> admin.addPeer("enode://53433417f11d1d9a17f155cbaad2c4ec375af7b141e2989f049b572fc3f856d78f254e58fa82ed6eab48a16b7d625527214522ec0fd3e3af030b5b8dfdadc062@[::]:30301")
true

查看节点

				
> admin.peers
[{
    caps: ["eth/63"],
    id: "53433417f11d1d9a17f155cbaad2c4ec375af7b141e2989f049b572fc3f856d78f254e58fa82ed6eab48a16b7d625527214522ec0fd3e3af030b5b8dfdadc062",
    name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1",
    network: {
      localAddress: "[::1]:51250",
      remoteAddress: "[::1]:30301"
    },
    protocols: {
      eth: {
        difficulty: 131072,
        head: "0x611596e7979cd4e7ca1531260fa706093a5492ecbdf58f20a39545397e424d04",
        version: 63
      }
    }
}]

至此，节点已经添加完毕。

				
> exit

退出

7.1.4. 节点测试

这里我们实现两个节点间的以太币转账。

现在两个节点上都没有任何账号

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'personal.listAccounts' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc                                        
[]
neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'personal.listAccounts' attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc
[]

在两个节点上分别创建两个账号，一个是矿工账号，另一个是普通账号。

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'personal.newAccount("abc123")' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc
"0x5ad227e8d7e460713c78eebbe558473571edae72"

neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'personal.newAccount("abc123")' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc
"0x3e822e05ee975e02be3f15f32b0fddced8d5bdd0"

neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'personal.listAccounts' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc 
["0x5ad227e8d7e460713c78eebbe558473571edae72", "0x3e822e05ee975e02be3f15f32b0fddced8d5bdd0"]



neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'personal.newAccount("abc123")' attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc
"0xa6df3e3c141e27726f4aeb21a5dab2e5c76c9565"

neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'personal.newAccount("abc123")' attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc
"0xa66c7b8b1c26856d284a0b962385babe02caa51d"

neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'personal.listAccounts' attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc 
["0xa6df3e3c141e27726f4aeb21a5dab2e5c76c9565", "0xa66c7b8b1c26856d284a0b962385babe02caa51d"]

启动挖矿

				
geth --exec 'miner.start(1)' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc 
geth --exec 'miner.start(1)' attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc

如果正常运行，两个节点上的矿工账号都会有一定的以太币。而普通账号额度应该为零。

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc
299438256000000000000

neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc
0

neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc
298000056000000000000

neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])' attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc
0

我们尝试从节点一矿工账号向节点二上的普通用户转账。

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc                               
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x5ad227e8d7e460713c78eebbe558473571edae72
at block: 144 (Fri, 02 Feb 2018 23:24:35 HST)
 datadir: /home/neo/ethereum/data1
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

> personal.listAccounts
["0x5ad227e8d7e460713c78eebbe558473571edae72"]

> personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0], "abc123")
true

> eth.sendTransaction({from: "0x5ad227e8d7e460713c78eebbe558473571edae72", to: "0xa66c7b8b1c26856d284a0b962385babe02caa51d", value: web3.toWei(1, "ether")})
"0x87c059d0769c8a74499ddd08c04a10f23b7681651615a28098d73ec63a943684"

> eth.pendingTransactions
[{
    blockHash: null,
    blockNumber: null,
    from: "0x5ad227e8d7e460713c78eebbe558473571edae72",
    gas: 90000,
    gasPrice: 18000000000,
    hash: "0x87c059d0769c8a74499ddd08c04a10f23b7681651615a28098d73ec63a943684",
    input: "0x",
    nonce: 2,
    r: "0xce004f964f268a00e90cadd4e8a685131aa34f37144f7e2e47dc7fe4ec784e55",
    s: "0x412209c18513a28422e62c4bdb85a223f190e133cf71990a87c570a3a53ae093",
    to: "0xa66c7b8b1c26856d284a0b962385babe02caa51d",
    transactionIndex: 0,
    v: "0x41",
    value: 1000000000000000000
}]

稍后一会，当使用 eth.pendingTransactions 查看挂起交易为空的时候，表示已经处理完毕。这时退出控制台。

				
> eth.pendingTransactions
[]
> exit

现在查看节点二上的第二个普通账号余额

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])' attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc
1000000000000000000

转账成功

现在我们从节点二上的普通用户向节点一上的普通用户转账。

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc                                        
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0xa6df3e3c141e27726f4aeb21a5dab2e5c76c9565
at block: 319 (Fri, 02 Feb 2018 23:50:07 HST)
 datadir: /home/neo/ethereum/data2
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

> personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[1], "abc123")
true

> eth.sendTransaction({from: "0xa66c7b8b1c26856d284a0b962385babe02caa51d", to: "0x3e822e05ee975e02be3f15f32b0fddced8d5bdd0", value: web3.toWei(0.1, "ether")})
"0x951bd161dfd000ff825379cb0644c4acd4afd4d3e1ac4f4c1c6009b3c2a1d366"

> eth.pendingTransactions
[]
> exit

查看两个普通账号的余额

				
neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])' attach ethereum/data1/geth.ipc
100000000000000000
neo@netkiller ~ % geth --exec 'eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])' attach ethereum/data2/geth.ipc
899622000000000000

8. FAQ

8.1. Error: authentication needed: password or unlock

			
> eth.sendTransaction({from: '0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6', to: '0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607', value: web3.toWei(1, "ether")})
Error: authentication needed: password or unlock
    at web3.js:3143:20
    at web3.js:6347:15
    at web3.js:5081:36
    at <anonymous>:1:1

解锁转出账号

			
> personal.unlockAccount("0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "your_password", 300)
true
> eth.sendTransaction({from: '0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6', to: '0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607', value: web3.toWei(1, "ether")})
"0xd9e8c8fdc71e24ee8052048de4ff0acd7157b872393f37344c8ec2083f3fe48f"

8.2. 新增节点后不生效

新增节点显示 true ,但是使用 admin.peers 查看不到。

			
> admin.addPeer("enode://c4586276391b3c88ec23889d1bc825d0c7d69bd5765d4545686f835608068b8dc48799d2686a04ea0f9e17aed099bf9b56935679fa6493e9b17151624a320714@172.16.0.17:30303")
true
> admin.peers
[]

查看节点，如果发现 ip: "::" 同时 discovery: 0

			
> admin.nodeInfo
{
  enode: "enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0",
  id: "9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527",
  ip: "::",
  listenAddr: "[::]:30303",
  name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1",
  ports: {
    discovery: 0,
    listener: 30303
  },
  protocols: {
    eth: {
      difficulty: 131072,
      genesis: "0x611596e7979cd4e7ca1531260fa706093a5492ecbdf58f20a39545397e424d04",
      head: "0x611596e7979cd4e7ca1531260fa706093a5492ecbdf58f20a39545397e424d04",
      network: 123456
    }
  }
}
>

解决方案启动时可能增加了 --nodiscover 参数，去掉参数后可以解决。

有三种方法新增节点

第一种，启动指定

			
geth --bootnodes enode://pubkey1@ip1:port1,enode://pubkey2@ip2:port2,enode://pubkey3@ip3:port3

第二种，在控制台中添加

			
> admin.addPeer('enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@172.16.0.1:30303')

第三种，在文件 ~/.ethereum/geth/static-nodes.json 中添加节点数据

			
[
  "enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@172.16.0.17:30303",
  "enode://pubkey@ip:port"
]

这个文件内容是一个数组，类似 ["","",""] 。