| 知乎专栏 |
目录
import time
logfile = time.strftime("netkiller-%Y-%m-%d.log",time.localtime());
f = open(logfile,mode="a+")
f.write(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.localtime()) + " DEBUG "+"== Begin ==\r\n")
# 业务逻辑
f.write(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.localtime()) + " INFO "+"Hello world!!!\r\n")
# 业务逻辑
f.write(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.localtime()) + " DEBUG "+"== End ==\r\n")
# 任务完成
f.flush()
f.close()
f = open('/tmp/workfile', 'r+')
f.write('0123456789abcdef')
f.seek(5) # Go to the 6th byte in the file
f.read(1)
f.seek(-3, 2) # Go to the 3rd byte before the end
f.read(1)
f.readline()
f.close()
for line in open("myfile.txt"):
print line
with open("myfile.txt") as f:
for line in f:
print line
name = "Alice"
age = 30
with open('profile.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write(f"Name: {name}\n")
file.write(f"Age: {age}\n")
utf-8 编码
with open('example.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
file.write("你好，世界！")
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
file = open("numbers.txt", "w")
for number in numbers:
file.write(str(number) + "\n")
file.close()
file = open("example.txt", "w")
lines = ["Line 1\n", "Line 2\n", "Line 3\n"]
file.writelines(lines)
file.close()
f = open('a.txt', 'r')
n = open('b.txt','w+')
n.writelines(f.readlines())
n.close()
f.close()
加入换行符
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
file = open("numbers.txt", "w")
lines = [str(number) + "\n" for number in numbers]
file.writelines(lines)
file.close()
with open('beak', 'rb+') as f:
content = f.read()
f.seek(0)
f.write(content.replace(b'\r', b''))
f.truncate()
使用os.path.basename()获取文件名
import os # 定义一个文件路径 file_path = "/home/user/documents/example.txt" # 使用os.path.basename()获取文件名 file_name = os.path.basename(file_path) print(file_name) # 输出: example.txt
# 返回值为元组 ('/Users/netkiller/Desktop', 'neo.txt')
path, name = os.path.split(file_path)
import os
# 定义一个文件路径
file_path = "/home/user/documents/example.txt"
# 使用os.path.splitext()获取文件名和扩展名
file_name, file_extension = os.path.splitext(file_path)
print("文件名:", file_name) # 输出: 文件名: /home/user/documents/example
print("扩展名:", file_extension) # 输出: 扩展名: .txt
file_extension = file_extension[1:] # 去掉点号
print("去掉点号的扩展名:", file_extension) # 输出: 去掉点号的扩展名: txt
import os
ext = os.path.splitext("path/to/file.ext")[-1][1:]
print(ext)
path = "path/to/file.ext"
suffix = path.split(".")[1]
print("suffix: {}".format(suffix))
import re filename = "example.txt" extension = re.findall(r"\.[^.]*$", filename)[0] print(extension)
filename = "myfile.txt"
extension = filename.rsplit(".", 1)[1]
print(extension) # 输出：".txt"
创建一层目录
dir_name = "neo"
if not os.path.exists(dir_name):
os.mkdir(dir_name)
递归创建目录
os.makedirs('./path/path2/path3')
if not os.path.exists(saveDir):
os.makedirs(saveDir)
使用默认权限创建目录，如果目录已存在，则不会引发异常
os.makedirs(output_folder, exist_ok=True)
# 判断文件写权限
ret = os.access(filename, os.W_OK)
print('文件的写权限：',ret)
# 判断文件读权限
ret = os.access(filename,os.R_OK)
print('文件的读权限：',ret)
# 判断文件执行权限
ret = os.access(filename, os.X_OK)
print('文件的执行权限：',ret)
# 判断是否为路径且存在 os.path.isdir() # 判断是否为文件且存在 os.path.isfile() # 判断是否存在 路径-文件 os.path.exists() os.path.isabs()
os.path.join()
os.path.join('path1','path2')
os.path.join('path1','path2','path3')
os.path.join('path1','path2','path3','path4')
import os
path = "/etc"
files = []
for name in os.listdir("/etc/"):
if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, name)):
files.append(name)
print(files)
随机抽取一个文件
import os
from random import choice
path = "/etc"
files = []
for name in os.listdir("/etc/"):
if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, name)):
files.append(name)
file = choice(files)
print(file)
os.walk() 的基本用法
os.walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False) 是 os 模块中的一个函数，用于生成遍历目录树的文件名。这个函数返回一个三元组 (dirpath, dirnames, filenames)。
参数详解
top：要遍历的顶级目录的路径。
topdown (可选)：如果为 True（默认值），则从顶级开始向下遍历。如果为 False，则从底部的子目录开始向上遍历。
onerror (可选)：是一个函数，用于错误处理。如果指定，则应该是一个接受单个参数（异常实例）的函数。如果未指定或为 None，错误将被忽略。
followlinks (可选)：如果为 True，则会遍历符号链接指向的目录。
返回值
dirpath 是一个字符串，表示正在遍历的目录的路径。
dirnames 是一个列表，包含了 dirpath 下所有子目录的名字，不包含孙子目录。
filenames 是一个列表，包含了非目录文件的名字。
def walkdir(self):
for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk('/etc'):
print(f"dirpath={dirpath}, dirnames={dirnames}, filenames={filenames}")
# print(filenames)
使用 os.listdir 手工实现递归列目录
def scandir(self, path):
try:
for name in os.listdir(path):
current_path = os.path.join(path, name)
access = os.access(current_path, os.R_OK)
if access:
# print(access)
if os.path.isfile(current_path):
print(current_path)
if os.path.isdir(current_path):
self.scandir(current_path)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
# 是否允许递归
def scandir(self, path, recursion=False):
try:
for name in os.listdir(path):
current_path = os.path.join(path, name)
access = os.access(current_path, os.R_OK)
if access:
# print(access)
if os.path.isfile(current_path):
print(current_path)
if recursion and os.path.isdir(current_path):
self.scandir(current_path)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
glob
def glob(self):
# 当前目录
for file in glob.glob('*.conf', root_dir='/etc'):
print(file)
# 递归遍历目录
for file in glob.glob('**/*.conf', root_dir='/etc'):
print(file)
import os
for entry in os.scandir(path='.'):
print(entry.path)
import os
for entry in os.scandir(path='../'):
if entry.is_file():
print(entry.name)
删除文件
import os os.remove(path)
删除空文件夹 os.removedirs(path)
import os
os.removedirs("/path/to/your")
递归删除文件夹
import shutil shutil.rmtree(path)
from pathlib import Path path1 = Path(r"C:\folder\subfolder\file.txt") path2 = Path(r"C:\file.txt") path3 = Path(r"/home/neo/file.txt") print(path1.parent) print(path2.parent) print(path3.parent) print(path3.parent.parent)
输出结果
C:\folder\subfolder C:\ \home\neo \home
from pathlib import Path
p1 = Path("/Users/neo/files/neo.txt")
print(p1.parent.absolute())
print(p1.parents[2])
输出结果
D:\Users\neo\files \Users
import os from pathlib import Path path1 = Path(r"C:\folder\subfolder\file.txt") path2 = Path(r"/home/neo/file.txt") print(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(path1, os.pardir))) print(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(path2, os.pardir))) print(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(path1, '..'))) print(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(path2, '..'))) print(os.path.dirname(path1)) print(os.path.dirname(path2)) print(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(path1)))
输出结果
C:\folder\subfolder D:\home\neo C:\folder\subfolder D:\home\neo C:\folder\subfolder \home\neo
import shutil # 定义源文件和目标文件的路径 src_path = "path/to/source/file.txt" dst_path = "path/to/destination/file.txt" # 复制文件 shutil.copy(src_path, dst_path)
from pathlib import Path
# 定义源文件和目标文件的路径
src_path = Path("path/to/source/file.txt")
dst_path = Path("path/to/destination/file.txt")
# 复制文件
src_path.copy(dst_path)
# 打开源文件和目标文件
with open(src_file, "rb") as src, open(dst_file, "wb") as dst:
# 读取源文件内容并写入目标文件
data = src.read()
dst.write(data)