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知乎专栏多维度架构

13.2. ps - report a snapshot of the current processes

		
ps命令能够给出当前系统中进程的快照。它能捕获系统在某一时间的进程状态。如果你想不断更新查看的这个状态,可以使用top命令。

### Display all processes

1) 使用 -a 参数
    -a 代表 all,同时加上x参数会显示没有控制终端的进程.
ps aux

[root@netkiller ~]# ps aux | head -n 1
USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND

2) 参数 -e 显示所有进程信息,-f 参数来查看全格式的信息列表
ps -ef

[root@netkiller ~]# ps -ef | head -n 1
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD

Use the "u" option or "-f" option to display detailed information about the processes

3) -F You can get even more columns .
 ps -eF

[root@netkiller ~]# ps -eF | head -n 1
UID        PID  PPID  C    SZ   RSS PSR STIME TTY          TIME CMD

The extra columns are SZ, RSS and PSR. 
    SZ is the size of the process
    RSS is the real memory size 
    PSR is the processor the command is assigned to

### Selecting Specific Processes Using The ps Command

1) 通过进程名过滤
使用 -C 参数,后面跟你要找的进程的名字.如果想要看到更多的细节,我们可以使用-f参数来查看全格式的信息列表:
// 比如想显示一个名为 mysqld 的进程的信息,就可以使用下面的命令:
ps -f  -C mysqld

2) -p  pid|pids

3) -U  username 

如果我们想知道特定进程的线程,可以使用 -L 参数,后面加上特定的PID.
-L参数显示进程,并尽量显示其LWP(线程ID)和NLWP(线程的个数)

ps -Lf -p  1036


> --no-header 


--no-header  print no header line at all

[root@netkiller ~]# ps -C mysqld  --no-header
 1036 ?        01:20:48 mysqld

### Formatting ps Command Output

ps -e --format <format>
The formats available are as follows:
    %cpu    - cpu utilisation
    %mem    - memory percentage utilisation
    args    - The command with all its arguments
    c       - processor utilisation
    cmd     - The command
    comm    - The command name only
    cp      - CPU Usage
    cputime - CPU Time
    egid    - Effective group id
    egroup  - Effective group
    etime   - Elapsed time
    euid    - Effective user id
    euser   - Effective user
    gid     - Group id
    group   - Group name
    pgid    - Process group id
    pgrp    - Process group
    ppid    - Parent Process ID
    start   - Time the process started
    sz      - Size in physical pages
    thcount - Threads owned by the process
    time    - Cumulative time
    uid     - User Id
    uname   - User name

ps -e --format="uid uname cmd time"  // eq
ps -eo uid,uname,cmd,time

### Sorting Output

ps -ef --sort <sortcolumns>

--sort 参数则是指定排序的依据栏位,预设会依照数值由小到大排序,若要由大到小的方式排序的话,可以在栏位名称前加上一个负号('-')

The choice of sort options are as follows:
    cmd    - Executable name
    pcpu   - CPU utilisation
    flags  - Flags
    pgrp   - Process group id
    cutime - Cumulative user time
    cstime - Cumulative system time
    utime  - User time
    pid    - Process ID
    ppid   - Parent process ID
    size   - Size
    uid    - User ID
    user   - User Name

ps -eo pid,ppid,cmd,%mem,%cpu --sort=-%cpu

1) 根据 CPU 使用来升序排序
ps aux --sort -pcpu

2)  内存使用 来升序排序
ps aux --sort -pmem

3) 合并前面两个命令,并通过管道显示前10个结果
ps aux --sort -pcpu,+pmem  | head

### example
> CPU占用最多的前10个进程


1) ps aux | sort -k3nr | head

2) top (然后按下P,注意大写)

3) ps -eo user,pid,ppid,tid,time,%cpu,cmd --sort=-%cpu

>  获取特定进程的线程信息


ps -Lf -p  1036
		
		
		

13.2.1. 完整的显示命令参数

ps aux

		
$ ps aux
USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  0.0  0.0   4020   888 ?        Ss   08:50   0:01 /sbin/init
root         2  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kthreadd]
root         3  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [migration/0]
root         4  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root         5  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [watchdog/0]
root         6  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [migration/1]
root         7  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ksoftirqd/1]
root         8  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [watchdog/1]
root         9  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [migration/2]
root        10  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ksoftirqd/2]
root        11  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [watchdog/2]
root        12  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [migration/3]
root        13  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ksoftirqd/3]
root        14  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [watchdog/3]
root        15  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [events/0]
root        16  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [events/1]
root        17  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [events/2]
root        18  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [events/3]
root        19  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [khelper]
root        54  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kblockd/0]
root        55  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kblockd/1]
root        56  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kblockd/2]
root        57  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kblockd/3]
root        60  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kacpid]
root        61  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kacpi_notify]
root       136  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kseriod]
root       193  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    08:50   0:00 [pdflush]
root       194  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    08:50   0:00 [pdflush]
root       195  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kswapd0]
root       238  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [aio/0]
root       239  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [aio/1]
root       240  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [aio/2]
root       241  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [aio/3]
root      1468  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ksuspend_usbd]
root      1471  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [khubd]
root      1559  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ata/0]
root      1560  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ata/1]
root      1561  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ata/2]
root      1562  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ata/3]
root      1563  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [ata_aux]
root      1743  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [scsi_eh_0]
root      1744  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [scsi_eh_1]
root      1878  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [scsi_eh_2]
root      1879  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [scsi_eh_3]
root      2508  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kjournald]
root      2707  0.0  0.0  17188  1284 ?        S<s  08:50   0:00 /sbin/udevd --daemon
root      3055  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kpsmoused]
dhcp      4223  0.0  0.0  15108   840 ?        S<s  08:50   0:00 dhclient3 -e IF_METRIC=100 -pf /var
root      4311  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kjournald]
root      4585  0.0  0.0   3864   596 tty4     Ss+  08:50   0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty4
root      4586  0.0  0.0   3864   596 tty5     Ss+  08:50   0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty5
root      4588  0.0  0.0   3864   592 tty2     Ss+  08:50   0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty2
root      4591  0.0  0.0   3864   596 tty3     Ss+  08:50   0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty3
root      4592  0.0  0.0  45700  1328 ttyS0    Ss   08:50   0:00 /bin/login --
root      4792  0.0  0.0  13076  1752 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/acpid -c /etc/acpi/events
root      4859  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kondemand/0]
root      4860  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kondemand/1]
root      4861  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kondemand/2]
root      4862  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [kondemand/3]
syslog    4926  0.0  0.0  12296   784 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /sbin/syslogd -u syslog
root      4980  0.0  0.0   8132   592 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /bin/dd bs 1 if /proc/kmsg of /var/
klog      4982  0.0  0.1   6184  2876 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /sbin/klogd -P /var/run/klogd/kmsg
108       5004  0.0  0.0  21320  1104 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system
root      5020  0.0  0.1  40112  2084 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --pid-file
root      5034  0.0  0.0  24128  1256 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManagerDispatcher
root      5047  0.0  0.0  35192  1220 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/system-tools-backends
root      5069  0.0  0.0  50916  1204 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
avahi     5090  0.0  0.0  29708  1508 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 avahi-daemon: running [netkiller.lo
avahi     5091  0.0  0.0  29580   508 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 avahi-daemon: chroot helper
postgres  5117  0.0  0.3 101164  6196 ?        S    08:50   0:01 /usr/lib/postgresql/8.3/bin/postgre
postgres  5121  0.0  0.0 101164  1624 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 postgres: writer process
postgres  5122  0.0  0.0 101164  1436 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 postgres: wal writer process
postgres  5123  0.0  0.0 101304  1684 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 postgres: autovacuum launcher proce
postgres  5124  0.0  0.0  71628  1432 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 postgres: stats collector process
root      5167  0.0  0.1  72312  2704 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/cupsd
115       5423  0.0  0.0  47552  1052 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/exim4 -bd -q30m
gnump3d   5431  0.0  0.8  54728 17744 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/perl -w /usr/bin/gnump3d
root      5481  0.0  0.0  10444   888 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/rsync --no-detach --daemon
root      5500  0.0  0.0  54048  1484 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/nmbd -D
root      5502  0.0  0.1  74548  2788 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D
root      5573  0.0  0.0  19332   940 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/xinetd -pidfile /var/run/
root      5574  0.0  0.0   6272   840 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/dhcdbd --system
111       5593  0.0  0.2  35804  4396 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/hald
root      5596  0.0  0.1  30528  2384 ?        Ssl  08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/console-kit-daemon
root      5658  0.0  0.0  17820  1164 ?        S    08:50   0:00 hald-runner
root      5660  0.0  0.0  74548  1280 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D
root      5690  0.0  0.0  19928  1148 ?        S    08:50   0:00 hald-addon-input: Listening on /dev
111       5693  0.0  0.0  16672   992 ?        S    08:50   0:00 hald-addon-acpi: listening on acpid
root      5722  0.0  0.0  13532  1300 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/hcid -x -s
root      5730  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [btaddconn]
root      5732  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [btdelconn]
root      5744  0.0  0.0  13428  1352 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd-servi
root      5745  0.0  0.0  13352  1140 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd-servi
root      5755  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   08:50   0:00 [krfcommd]
root      5791  0.0  0.0 116168  1860 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/gdm
nagios    5847  0.0  0.0  34276  1852 ?        SNsl 08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/nagios2 -d /etc/nagios2/n
daemon    5884  0.0  0.0  16428   432 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/atd
root      5898  0.0  0.0  18616   980 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/cron
www-data  5929  0.0  0.1  58976  2380 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/lighttpd -f /etc/lighttpd
www-data  5940  0.0  0.2  83492  6124 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data  5967  0.0  0.2  83492  6124 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
root      6016  0.0  0.0   3864   592 tty1     Ss+  08:50   0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty1
www-data  6022  0.0  0.1  83492  2764 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data  6023  0.0  0.1  83492  2764 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data  6024  0.0  0.1  83492  2764 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data  6025  0.0  0.1  83492  2764 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data  6026  0.0  0.1  83492  2764 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data  6027  0.0  0.1  83492  2764 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data  6028  0.0  0.1  83492  2764 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data  6029  0.0  0.1  83492  2764 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
root      6058  0.0  0.0 116168  1840 ?        T    08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/gdm
root      6062  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        Z    08:50   0:00 [kill] <defunct>
root      6102  0.0  0.0  17336   920 ?        S    08:50   0:00 xinit /etc/gdm/failsafeXinit /etc/X
root      6104  0.0  0.3  76076  7644 tty7     S<s+ 08:50   0:01 /usr/bin/X :0 -auth /var/lib/gdm/:0
root      6111  0.0  0.0   3944   584 ?        S    08:51   0:00 /bin/sh /etc/gdm/failsafeXinit /etc
root      6112  0.0  0.2 126768  5000 ?        S    08:51   0:00 /usr/bin/gksu -u root /usr/bin/xfai
root      6114  0.0  0.2  41308  5516 ?        S    08:51   0:00 /usr/lib/libgconf2-4/gconfd-2 5
neo       6115  0.0  0.1  20944  3888 ttyS0    S    08:51   0:00 -bash
root      6131  0.0  1.0 156296 21096 ?        S    08:51   0:00 /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/xfailsafed
neo       6164  0.0  0.1  74896  3664 ?        S    08:52   0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D
neo       7949  0.0  0.0   8696  1268 ttyS0    S+   11:19   0:00 man ps
neo       7957  0.0  0.0   9552  1008 ttyS0    S+   11:19   0:00 pager -s
root      7971  0.0  0.1  70028  3028 ?        Ss   11:20   0:00 sshd: neo [priv]
neo       7978  0.0  0.0  70028  1716 ?        S    11:20   0:00 sshd: neo@pts/0
neo       7979  0.2  0.1  20944  3852 pts/0    Ss   11:20   0:00 -bash
neo       8006  0.0  0.0  15064  1092 pts/0    R+   11:22   0:00 ps aux
		
			

ps ax

		
neo@netkiller:~$ ps ax
  PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
    1 ?        Ss     0:01 /sbin/init
    2 ?        S<     0:00 [kthreadd]
    3 ?        S<     0:00 [migration/0]
    4 ?        S<     0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
    5 ?        S<     0:00 [watchdog/0]
    6 ?        S<     0:00 [migration/1]
    7 ?        S<     0:00 [ksoftirqd/1]
    8 ?        S<     0:00 [watchdog/1]
    9 ?        S<     0:00 [migration/2]
   10 ?        S<     0:00 [ksoftirqd/2]
   11 ?        S<     0:00 [watchdog/2]
   12 ?        S<     0:00 [migration/3]
   13 ?        S<     0:00 [ksoftirqd/3]
   14 ?        S<     0:00 [watchdog/3]
   15 ?        S<     0:00 [events/0]
   16 ?        S<     0:00 [events/1]
   17 ?        S<     0:00 [events/2]
   18 ?        S<     0:00 [events/3]
   19 ?        S<     0:00 [khelper]
   54 ?        S<     0:00 [kblockd/0]
   55 ?        S<     0:00 [kblockd/1]
   56 ?        S<     0:00 [kblockd/2]
   57 ?        S<     0:00 [kblockd/3]
   60 ?        S<     0:00 [kacpid]
   61 ?        S<     0:00 [kacpi_notify]
  136 ?        S<     0:00 [kseriod]
  193 ?        S      0:00 [pdflush]
  194 ?        S      0:00 [pdflush]
  195 ?        S<     0:00 [kswapd0]
  238 ?        S<     0:00 [aio/0]
  239 ?        S<     0:00 [aio/1]
  240 ?        S<     0:00 [aio/2]
  241 ?        S<     0:00 [aio/3]
 1468 ?        S<     0:00 [ksuspend_usbd]
 1471 ?        S<     0:00 [khubd]
 1559 ?        S<     0:00 [ata/0]
 1560 ?        S<     0:00 [ata/1]
 1561 ?        S<     0:00 [ata/2]
 1562 ?        S<     0:00 [ata/3]
 1563 ?        S<     0:00 [ata_aux]
 1743 ?        S<     0:00 [scsi_eh_0]
 1744 ?        S<     0:00 [scsi_eh_1]
 1878 ?        S<     0:00 [scsi_eh_2]
 1879 ?        S<     0:00 [scsi_eh_3]
 2508 ?        S<     0:00 [kjournald]
 2707 ?        S<s    0:00 /sbin/udevd --daemon
 3055 ?        S<     0:00 [kpsmoused]
 4223 ?        S<s    0:00 dhclient3 -e IF_METRIC=100 -pf /var/run/dhclient.eth0.pid -lf /var/lib/dh
 4311 ?        S<     0:00 [kjournald]
 4585 tty4     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty4
 4586 tty5     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty5
 4588 tty2     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty2
 4591 tty3     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty3
 4592 ttyS0    Ss     0:00 /bin/login --
 4792 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/acpid -c /etc/acpi/events -s /var/run/acpid.socket
 4859 ?        S<     0:00 [kondemand/0]
 4860 ?        S<     0:00 [kondemand/1]
 4861 ?        S<     0:00 [kondemand/2]
 4862 ?        S<     0:00 [kondemand/3]
 4926 ?        Ss     0:00 /sbin/syslogd -u syslog
 4980 ?        S      0:00 /bin/dd bs 1 if /proc/kmsg of /var/run/klogd/kmsg
 4982 ?        Ss     0:00 /sbin/klogd -P /var/run/klogd/kmsg
 5004 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system
 5020 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --pid-file /var/run/NetworkManager/NetworkManage
 5034 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManagerDispatcher --pid-file /var/run/NetworkManager/Net
 5047 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/system-tools-backends
 5069 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
 5090 ?        Ss     0:00 avahi-daemon: running [netkiller.local]
 5091 ?        Ss     0:00 avahi-daemon: chroot helper
 5117 ?        S      0:01 /usr/lib/postgresql/8.3/bin/postgres -D /var/lib/postgresql/8.3/main -c c
 5121 ?        Ss     0:00 postgres: writer process
 5122 ?        Ss     0:00 postgres: wal writer process
 5123 ?        Ss     0:00 postgres: autovacuum launcher process
 5124 ?        Ss     0:00 postgres: stats collector process
 5167 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/cupsd
 5423 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/exim4 -bd -q30m
 5431 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/perl -w /usr/bin/gnump3d
 5481 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/rsync --no-detach --daemon --config /etc/rsyncd.conf
 5500 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/nmbd -D
 5502 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D
 5573 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/xinetd -pidfile /var/run/xinetd.pid -stayalive -inetd_compat
 5574 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/dhcdbd --system
 5593 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/hald
 5596 ?        Ssl    0:00 /usr/sbin/console-kit-daemon
 5658 ?        S      0:00 hald-runner
 5660 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D
 5690 ?        S      0:00 hald-addon-input: Listening on /dev/input/event3 /dev/input/event2
 5693 ?        S      0:00 hald-addon-acpi: listening on acpid socket /var/run/acpid.socket
 5722 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/hcid -x -s
 5730 ?        S<     0:00 [btaddconn]
 5732 ?        S<     0:00 [btdelconn]
 5744 ?        S      0:00 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd-service-audio
 5745 ?        S      0:00 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd-service-input
 5755 ?        S<     0:00 [krfcommd]
 5791 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/gdm
 5847 ?        SNsl   0:00 /usr/sbin/nagios2 -d /etc/nagios2/nagios.cfg
 5884 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/atd
 5898 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/cron
 5929 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/lighttpd -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf
 5940 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 5967 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6016 tty1     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty1
 6022 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6023 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6024 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6025 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6026 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6027 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6028 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6029 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6058 ?        T      0:00 /usr/sbin/gdm
 6062 ?        Z      0:00 [kill] <defunct>
 6102 ?        S      0:00 xinit /etc/gdm/failsafeXinit /etc/X11/xorg.conf.failsafe with-gdm -- /usr
 6104 tty7     S<s+   0:01 /usr/bin/X :0 -auth /var/lib/gdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt7 -br -once -co
 6111 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /etc/gdm/failsafeXinit /etc/X11/xorg.conf.failsafe with-gdm
 6112 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/gksu -u root /usr/bin/xfailsafedialog
 6114 ?        S      0:00 /usr/lib/libgconf2-4/gconfd-2 5
 6115 ttyS0    S      0:00 -bash
 6131 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/xfailsafedialog
 6164 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D
 7949 ttyS0    S+     0:00 man ps
 7957 ttyS0    S+     0:00 pager -s
 7971 ?        Ss     0:00 sshd: neo [priv]
 7978 ?        S      0:00 sshd: neo@pts/0
 7979 pts/0    Ss     0:00 -bash
 7997 pts/0    R+     0:00 ps ax
		
			

ps axww

			
$ ps axww
  PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
    1 ?        Ss     0:01 /sbin/init
    2 ?        S<     0:00 [kthreadd]
    3 ?        S<     0:00 [migration/0]
    4 ?        S<     0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
    5 ?        S<     0:00 [watchdog/0]
    6 ?        S<     0:00 [migration/1]
    7 ?        S<     0:00 [ksoftirqd/1]
    8 ?        S<     0:00 [watchdog/1]
    9 ?        S<     0:00 [migration/2]
   10 ?        S<     0:00 [ksoftirqd/2]
   11 ?        S<     0:00 [watchdog/2]
   12 ?        S<     0:00 [migration/3]
   13 ?        S<     0:00 [ksoftirqd/3]
   14 ?        S<     0:00 [watchdog/3]
   15 ?        S<     0:00 [events/0]
   16 ?        S<     0:00 [events/1]
   17 ?        S<     0:00 [events/2]
   18 ?        S<     0:00 [events/3]
   19 ?        S<     0:00 [khelper]
   54 ?        S<     0:00 [kblockd/0]
   55 ?        S<     0:00 [kblockd/1]
   56 ?        S<     0:00 [kblockd/2]
   57 ?        S<     0:00 [kblockd/3]
   60 ?        S<     0:00 [kacpid]
   61 ?        S<     0:00 [kacpi_notify]
  136 ?        S<     0:00 [kseriod]
  193 ?        S      0:00 [pdflush]
  194 ?        S      0:00 [pdflush]
  195 ?        S<     0:00 [kswapd0]
  238 ?        S<     0:00 [aio/0]
  239 ?        S<     0:00 [aio/1]
  240 ?        S<     0:00 [aio/2]
  241 ?        S<     0:00 [aio/3]
 1468 ?        S<     0:00 [ksuspend_usbd]
 1471 ?        S<     0:00 [khubd]
 1559 ?        S<     0:00 [ata/0]
 1560 ?        S<     0:00 [ata/1]
 1561 ?        S<     0:00 [ata/2]
 1562 ?        S<     0:00 [ata/3]
 1563 ?        S<     0:00 [ata_aux]
 1743 ?        S<     0:00 [scsi_eh_0]
 1744 ?        S<     0:00 [scsi_eh_1]
 1878 ?        S<     0:00 [scsi_eh_2]
 1879 ?        S<     0:00 [scsi_eh_3]
 2508 ?        S<     0:00 [kjournald]
 2707 ?        S<s    0:00 /sbin/udevd --daemon
 3055 ?        S<     0:00 [kpsmoused]
 4223 ?        S<s    0:00 dhclient3 -e IF_METRIC=100 -pf /var/run/dhclient.eth0.pid -lf /var/lib/dhcp3/dhclient.eth0.leases eth0
 4311 ?        S<     0:00 [kjournald]
 4585 tty4     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty4
 4586 tty5     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty5
 4588 tty2     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty2
 4591 tty3     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty3
 4592 ttyS0    Ss     0:00 /bin/login --
 4792 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/acpid -c /etc/acpi/events -s /var/run/acpid.socket
 4859 ?        S<     0:00 [kondemand/0]
 4860 ?        S<     0:00 [kondemand/1]
 4861 ?        S<     0:00 [kondemand/2]
 4862 ?        S<     0:00 [kondemand/3]
 4926 ?        Ss     0:00 /sbin/syslogd -u syslog
 4980 ?        S      0:00 /bin/dd bs 1 if /proc/kmsg of /var/run/klogd/kmsg
 4982 ?        Ss     0:00 /sbin/klogd -P /var/run/klogd/kmsg
 5004 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system
 5020 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --pid-file /var/run/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.pid
 5034 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManagerDispatcher --pid-file /var/run/NetworkManager/NetworkManagerDispatcher.pid
 5047 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/system-tools-backends
 5069 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
 5090 ?        Ss     0:00 avahi-daemon: running [netkiller.local]
 5091 ?        Ss     0:00 avahi-daemon: chroot helper
 5117 ?        S      0:01 /usr/lib/postgresql/8.3/bin/postgres -D /var/lib/postgresql/8.3/main -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/8.3/main/postgresql.conf
 5121 ?        Ss     0:00 postgres: writer process
 5122 ?        Ss     0:00 postgres: wal writer process
 5123 ?        Ss     0:00 postgres: autovacuum launcher process
 5124 ?        Ss     0:00 postgres: stats collector process
 5167 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/cupsd
 5423 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/exim4 -bd -q30m
 5431 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/perl -w /usr/bin/gnump3d
 5481 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/rsync --no-detach --daemon --config /etc/rsyncd.conf
 5500 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/nmbd -D
 5502 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D
 5573 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/xinetd -pidfile /var/run/xinetd.pid -stayalive -inetd_compat
 5574 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/dhcdbd --system
 5593 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/hald
 5596 ?        Ssl    0:00 /usr/sbin/console-kit-daemon
 5658 ?        S      0:00 hald-runner
 5660 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D
 5690 ?        S      0:00 hald-addon-input: Listening on /dev/input/event3 /dev/input/event2
 5693 ?        S      0:00 hald-addon-acpi: listening on acpid socket /var/run/acpid.socket
 5722 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/hcid -x -s
 5730 ?        S<     0:00 [btaddconn]
 5732 ?        S<     0:00 [btdelconn]
 5744 ?        S      0:00 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd-service-audio
 5745 ?        S      0:00 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd-service-input
 5755 ?        S<     0:00 [krfcommd]
 5791 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/gdm
 5847 ?        SNsl   0:00 /usr/sbin/nagios2 -d /etc/nagios2/nagios.cfg
 5884 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/atd
 5898 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/sbin/cron
 5929 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/lighttpd -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf
 5940 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 5967 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6016 tty1     Ss+    0:00 /sbin/getty 38400 tty1
 6022 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6023 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6024 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6025 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6026 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6027 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6028 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6029 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/php-cgi
 6058 ?        T      0:00 /usr/sbin/gdm
 6062 ?        Z      0:00 [kill] <defunct>
 6102 ?        S      0:00 xinit /etc/gdm/failsafeXinit /etc/X11/xorg.conf.failsafe with-gdm -- /usr/bin/X :0 -auth /var/lib/gdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt7 -br -once -config /etc/X11/xorg.conf.failsafe
 6104 tty7     S<s+   0:01 /usr/bin/X :0 -auth /var/lib/gdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt7 -br -once -config /etc/X11/xorg.conf.failsafe
 6111 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /etc/gdm/failsafeXinit /etc/X11/xorg.conf.failsafe with-gdm
 6112 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/gksu -u root /usr/bin/xfailsafedialog
 6114 ?        S      0:00 /usr/lib/libgconf2-4/gconfd-2 5
 6115 ttyS0    S      0:00 -bash
 6131 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/xfailsafedialog
 6164 ?        S      0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D
 7949 ttyS0    S+     0:00 man ps
 7957 ttyS0    S+     0:00 pager -s
 7971 ?        Ss     0:00 sshd: neo [priv]
 7978 ?        S      0:00 sshd: neo@pts/0
 7979 pts/0    Ss     0:00 -bash
 8012 pts/0    R+     0:00 ps axww

		
			

13.2.2. 显示进程之间的关系

ps auxf

			
www-data 18743  0.0  0.1  82520  3776 ?        S<   11:18   0:02 /usr/sbin/lighttpd -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf
www-data 18744  0.0  0.4 240904  9376 ?        S<s  11:18   0:00  \_ /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data 18748  0.0  0.2 240904  4296 ?        S<   11:18   0:00      \_ /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data 18749  0.0  0.2 240904  4296 ?        S<   11:18   0:00      \_ /usr/bin/php-cgi
www-data 18750  0.0  0.2 240904  4296 ?        S<   11:18   0:00      \_ /usr/bin/php-cgi
			
			

13.2.3. ps axef

			
[root@development ~]# ps -ef
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
			
			
			
# ps axef
			
			

13.2.4. ps jax

			
# ps jax
 PPID   PID  PGID   SID TTY      TPGID STAT   UID   TIME COMMAND
    0     1     1     1 ?           -1 Ss       0   1:18 /sbin/init
    0     2     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kthreadd]
    2     3     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   3:32 [ksoftirqd/0]
    2     4     0     0 ?           -1 S        0  14:15 [migration/0]
    2     5     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [watchdog/0]
    2     6     0     0 ?           -1 S        0  16:12 [migration/1]
    2     7     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   3:00 [ksoftirqd/1]
    2     8     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [watchdog/1]
    2     9     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:01 [migration/2]
    2    10     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   3:40 [ksoftirqd/2]
    2    11     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [watchdog/2]
    2    12     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:44 [migration/3]
    2    13     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   3:08 [ksoftirqd/3]
    2    14     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [watchdog/3]
    2    15     0     0 ?           -1 S        0  28:37 [events/0]
    2    16     0     0 ?           -1 S        0  25:09 [events/1]
    2    17     0     0 ?           -1 S        0  65:53 [events/2]
    2    18     0     0 ?           -1 S        0  68:14 [events/3]
    2    19     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [cpuset]
    2    20     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [khelper]
    2    21     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   9:49 [netns]
    2    22     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [async/mgr]
    2    23     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [pm]
    2    25     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:43 [sync_supers]
    2    26     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:18 [bdi-default]
    2    27     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kintegrityd/0]
    2    28     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kintegrityd/1]
    2    29     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kintegrityd/2]
    2    30     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kintegrityd/3]
    2    31     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:40 [kblockd/0]
    2    32     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:38 [kblockd/1]
    2    33     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:24 [kblockd/2]
    2    34     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:24 [kblockd/3]
    2    35     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kacpid]
    2    36     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kacpi_notify]
    2    37     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kacpi_hotplug]
    2    38     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ata_aux]
    2    39     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ata_sff/0]
    2    40     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ata_sff/1]
    2    41     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ata_sff/2]
    2    42     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ata_sff/3]
    2    43     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [khubd]
    2    44     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kseriod]
    2    45     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kmmcd]
    2    46     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:06 [khungtaskd]
    2    47     0     0 ?           -1 S        0 329:34 [kswapd0]
    2    48     0     0 ?           -1 SN       0   0:00 [ksmd]
    2    49     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [aio/0]
    2    50     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [aio/1]
    2    51     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [aio/2]
    2    52     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [aio/3]
    2    53     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ecryptfs-kthrea]
    2    54     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [crypto/0]
    2    55     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [crypto/1]
    2    56     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [crypto/2]
    2    57     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [crypto/3]
    2    62     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [scsi_eh_0]
    2    63     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [scsi_eh_1]
    2    66     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kstriped]
    2    67     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kmpathd/0]
    2    68     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kmpathd/1]
    2    69     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kmpathd/2]
    2    70     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kmpathd/3]
    2    71     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kmpath_handlerd]
    2    72     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ksnapd]
    2    73     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kondemand/0]
    2    74     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kondemand/1]
    2    75     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kondemand/2]
    2    76     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kondemand/3]
    2    77     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kconservative/0]
    2    78     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kconservative/1]
    2    79     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kconservative/2]
    2    80     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kconservative/3]
    2   205     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [scsi_eh_2]
    2   255     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [scsi_eh_3]
    2   283     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [usbhid_resumer]
    2   289     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   4:24 [jbd2/sda1-8]
    2   290     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   291     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   292     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   293     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    1   337   336   336 ?           -1 S        0   0:31 upstart-udev-bridge --daemon
    1   343   343   343 ?           -1 S<s      0   0:20 udevd --daemon
    2   598     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [kpsmoused]
    2   603     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   8:21 [edac-poller]
    1   675   675   675 ?           -1 Ss       1   0:00 portmap
    2   692     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [radeon/0]
    2   693     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [radeon/1]
    2   694     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [radeon/2]
    2   695     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [radeon/3]
    2   697     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ttm_swap]
    1   698   698   698 ?           -1 Ss     112   0:00 rpc.statd -L
    2   700     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [rpciod/0]
    2   701     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [rpciod/1]
    2   702     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [rpciod/2]
    2   703     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [rpciod/3]
    2   714     0     0 ?           -1 S<       0   0:25 [kslowd000]
    2   715     0     0 ?           -1 S<       0   0:20 [kslowd001]
    2   814     0     0 ?           -1 S        0 102:38 [flush-8:0]
    2   823     0     0 ?           -1 S        0  12:12 [jbd2/sda3-8]
    2   824     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   825     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   826     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   827     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   880     0     0 ?           -1 S        0  30:54 [jbd2/sdb1-8]
    2   881     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   882     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   883     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    2   884     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
    1   944   894   894 ?           -1 Sl     101   2:08 rsyslogd -c4
    2   958     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [nfsiod]
    1   960   960   960 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:40 /usr/sbin/sshd
    1   972   972   972 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:02 rpc.idmapd
    1   975   975   975 tty4       975 Ss+      0   0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty4
    1   992   992   992 tty5       992 Ss+      0   0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty5
    1   997   997   997 tty3       997 Ss+      0   0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty3
    1  1000  1000  1000 tty6      1000 Ss+      0   0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty6
    1  1009  1009  1009 ?           -1 Ss       1   0:00 atd
    1  1058  1058  1058 ?           -1 Ss     106  20:42 /usr/sbin/nrpe -c /etc/nagios/nrpe.cfg -d
    1  1081  1081  1081 ?           -1 Ss       0  14:35 /usr/sbin/munin-node
    2  1087     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [lockd]
    2  1088     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:06 [nfsd4]
    2  1089     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [nfsd4_callbacks]
    2  1090     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:29 [nfsd]
    2  1091     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:29 [nfsd]
    2  1092     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:34 [nfsd]
    2  1093     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:35 [nfsd]
    2  1094     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:31 [nfsd]
    2  1095     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:31 [nfsd]
    2  1096     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:30 [nfsd]
    2  1097     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   1:30 [nfsd]
    1  1101  1101  1101 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:11 /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd --manage-gids
    1  1500  1499  1499 ?           -1 S      105  39:47 /usr/sbin/snmpd -Lsd -Lf /dev/null -u snmp -g snmp -I -smux -p /var/run/snmpd.pid
    1  2066  2066  2066 tty2      2066 Ss+      0   0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty2
    1  2068  2068  2068 tty1      2068 Ss+      0   0:00 /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty1
    1  5243  5243  5243 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:15 /usr/sbin/vsftpd
    1  6058  6058  6058 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:00 /bin/sh -c test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily )
 6058  6060  6058  6058 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily
 6060  6062  6058  6058 ?           -1 Z        0   0:00 [apt] <defunct>
    1  8627  8627  8627 ?           -1 Ss     115  12:06 /usr/sbin/gmond
    1  8674  8674  8674 ?           -1 Ssl    102   0:09 /usr/sbin/named -u bind
    1  9027  9027  9027 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:02 cron
    2 12690     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfs_mru_cache]
    2 12691     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfslogd/0]
    2 12692     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfslogd/1]
    2 12693     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfslogd/2]
    2 12694     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfslogd/3]
    2 12695     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfsdatad/0]
    2 12696     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfsdatad/1]
    2 12697     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfsdatad/2]
    2 12698     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfsdatad/3]
    2 12699     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfsconvertd/0]
    2 12700     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfsconvertd/1]
    2 12701     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfsconvertd/2]
    2 12702     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [xfsconvertd/3]
    2 12710     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [jfsIO]
    2 12711     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [jfsCommit]
    2 12712     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [jfsCommit]
    2 12713     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [jfsCommit]
    2 12714     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [jfsCommit]
    2 12715     0     0 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 [jfsSync]
    1 13841 13841 13841 ?           -1 Ss    1000 249:23 ./boinc --daemon
    1 14479 14479 14479 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:10 /usr/lib/postfix/master
14479 14481 14479 14479 ?           -1 S      111   0:02 qmgr -l -t fifo -u
17136 16953 17136 17136 ?           -1 S        0  27:11 smbd -F
    1 17136 17136 17136 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:16 smbd -F
    1 17143 17143 17143 ?           -1 Ss       0  14:42 nmbd -D
17136 17145 17136 17136 ?           -1 S        0   0:00 smbd -F
    1 18572 18566 18566 ?           -1 S        0   0:03 rsync -auz -e ssh root@172.16.2.10:/www/* /md1200/www/Thursday/
18572 18616 18566 18566 ?           -1 S        0   0:02 ssh -l root 172.16.2.10 rsync --server --sender -ulogDtprze.iLsf . /www/*
13841 19071 13841 13841 ?           -1 SNl   1000  87:53 ../../projects/setiathome.berkeley.edu/setiathome-5.28.x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
13841 19072 13841 13841 ?           -1 SNl   1000  88:08 ../../projects/setiathome.berkeley.edu/setiathome-5.28.x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
13841 19073 13841 13841 ?           -1 SNl   1000  88:04 ../../projects/setiathome.berkeley.edu/setiathome-5.28.x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
13841 19074 13841 13841 ?           -1 SNl   1000  87:42 ../../projects/setiathome.berkeley.edu/setiathome-5.28.x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
    1 22633 22632 22632 ?           -1 SN     114   0:00 /usr/sbin/zabbix_agentd
22633 22635 22632 22632 ?           -1 SN     114 483:39 /usr/sbin/zabbix_agentd
22633 22636 22632 22632 ?           -1 SN     114  45:23 /usr/sbin/zabbix_agentd
22633 22637 22632 22632 ?           -1 SN     114  44:51 /usr/sbin/zabbix_agentd
22633 22638 22632 22632 ?           -1 SN     114  44:45 /usr/sbin/zabbix_agentd
22633 22639 22632 22632 ?           -1 SN     114  45:02 /usr/sbin/zabbix_agentd
22633 22640 22632 22632 ?           -1 SN     114  44:36 /usr/sbin/zabbix_agentd
22633 22641 22632 22632 ?           -1 SN     114   6:09 /usr/sbin/zabbix_agentd
14479 25203 14479 14479 ?           -1 S      111   0:00 pickup -l -t fifo -u -c
    1 27680 27680 27680 ?           -1 Ss     113  14:34 /usr/sbin/ntpd -p /var/run/ntpd.pid -g -u 113:122
  960 28801 28801 28801 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:00 sshd: root@pts/0
28801 28866 28866 28866 pts/0    29991 Ss       0   0:00 -bash
  343 29055   343   343 ?           -1 S<       0   0:19 udevd --daemon
28866 29991 29991 28866 pts/0    29991 S+       0   0:00 ssh 172.16.1.3
  960 29992 29992 29992 ?           -1 Ss       0   0:00 sshd: root@pts/1
29992 30057 30057 30057 pts/1    30109 Ss       0   0:00 -bash
30057 30109 30109 30057 pts/1    30109 R+       0   0:00 ps jax
			
			

13.2.5. 僵尸进程

zombie process

			
ps aux | awk '{ print $8 " " $2 }' | grep -w Z
			
			

13.2.6. 查找内存消耗最大的进程

			
[root@localhost ~]# ps aux --sort -rss | head
USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root       531  0.3  1.5 358748 29468 ?        Ssl  08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
root      1042  0.1  1.0 574200 19552 ?        Ssl  08:50   0:00 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/tuned -l -P
polkitd    491  0.0  0.6 613016 11916 ?        Ssl  08:50   0:00 /usr/lib/polkit-1/polkitd --no-debug
root      1046  0.0  0.5 424064 11420 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd --foreground --no-process-group
root       542  0.1  0.5 701996  9568 ?        Ssl  08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon
root      1215  0.0  0.2 158924  5668 ?        Ss   08:51   0:00 sshd: www [priv]
root       755  0.0  0.2 102896  5492 ?        S    08:50   0:00 /sbin/dhclient -d -q -sf /usr/libexec/nm-dhcp-helper -pf /var/run/dhclient-wlp5s0.pid -lf /var/lib/NetworkManager/dhclient-13693dd0-b518-4662-bb00-3d6b39fda3f3-wlp5s0.lease -cf /var/lib/NetworkManager/dhclient-wlp5s0.conf wlp5s0
root       654  0.0  0.2  78812  4636 ?        Ss   08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/wpa_supplicant -u -f /var/log/wpa_supplicant.log -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf -P /var/run/wpa_supplicant.pid
root      1045  0.0  0.2 216420  4452 ?        Ssl  08:50   0:00 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd -n			
			
			

13.2.7. 格式化输出

13.2.7.1. 指定输出列

			
$ ps -eo pid,cmd
			
				

13.2.7.2. 排序列

			
[root@localhost ~]# ps -eo pid,ppid,%mem,%cpu,cmd --sort=-%mem | head
  PID  PPID %MEM %CPU CMD
 1457  1244  3.3  8.4 /usr/bin/python2 /usr/bin/dnf upgrade
  531     1  1.5  0.2 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
 1042     1  1.0  0.0 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/tuned -l -P
  491     1  0.6  0.0 /usr/lib/polkit-1/polkitd --no-debug
 1046     1  0.5  0.0 /usr/sbin/smbd --foreground --no-process-group
  542     1  0.5  0.1 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon
 1215  1044  0.2  0.0 sshd: www [priv]
 1542  1044  0.2  0.1 sshd: www [priv]
			
				

仅仅现实命令,不显示参数

			
[root@localhost ~]# ps -eo pid,ppid,%mem,%cpu,comm --sort=-%mem | head
  PID  PPID %MEM %CPU COMMAND
 1457  1244  3.4 19.7 dnf
  531     1  1.5  0.2 firewalld
 1042     1  1.0  0.0 tuned
  491     1  0.6  0.0 polkitd
 1046     1  0.5  0.0 smbd
  542     1  0.5  0.0 NetworkManager
 1215  1044  0.2  0.0 sshd
 1542  1044  0.2  0.0 sshd
  755   542  0.2  0.0 dhclient			
			
				

13.2.8. 线程

查看线程

			
root@netkiller ~# ps ax | grep redis
2602672 ?        Ssl    6:58 /usr/bin/redis-server *:6379
3008256 pts/0    S+     0:00 grep --color=auto redis

root@netkiller ~# ps -Lf 2602672
UID          PID    PPID     LWP  C NLWP STIME TTY      STAT   TIME CMD
redis    2602672       1 2602672  0    5 Apr26 ?        Ssl    6:58 /usr/bin/redis-server *:6379
redis    2602672       1 2602673  0    5 Apr26 ?        Ssl    0:00 /usr/bin/redis-server *:6379
redis    2602672       1 2602674  0    5 Apr26 ?        Ssl    0:00 /usr/bin/redis-server *:6379
redis    2602672       1 2602675  0    5 Apr26 ?        Ssl    0:00 /usr/bin/redis-server *:6379
redis    2602672       1 2602676  0    5 Apr26 ?        Ssl    0:00 /usr/bin/redis-server *:6379